Loading...
Latest news
My Experience of Living and Studying During Covid-19
Authoritarian governments and COVID-19
7 things I have learnt during my time in lockdwon
Being far from home during the pandemic
My Education Journey from Tbilisi to London During Coronavirus
Let Lockdown and curfews be a lesson into the lives of Palestinians
Covid-19: A game changer in the US election
What is black history month and why does it matter?
Romania, Covid-19 and the post-Westminster “Good Life”.
What is Black History Month?
Academic PapersUncategorized

How does Castells define the ‘Network Society’? What are the advantages and limitations of the concepts for understanding current societies?

Insidewestminsterblog -
network soc small

The extent to which technology and the internet have revolutionized our social structures is immeasurably evident. In the last few decades, technology has lost its old fashioned connotation as complex, impersonal machines and have instead become devices which deliver real and palpable features to the masses. The internet, in turn, provides endless sources of fun and knowledge. Technology together with the internet are constructing innovative arrangements for the newer generations by adapting to newly formed habits that had been never considered before – an example of this was had when a nationwide newspaper announced it would be producing online content exclusively (Independent, 2016), because they had understood that the great majority of their readers were online. Despite these trends becoming clearly noticeable only in the last two decades, the phenomena of the online network and its implications on societies has been studied and theorized for much longer. One of the most prominent names in this field of sociology is Manuel Castells, who pioneered what is known as ‘Network society’ theory. This essay will discuss the definitions given by Castells regarding the network society, as well as present criticisms and alternative arguments from two other notable scholars: Nicholas Garnham and Frank Webster. Finally, a practical example will be provided to help make sense of Castells’ ideas in everyday life and contemporary media practice.

“A network society”, wrote Castells (2004:3), “is a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies.” The idea of a network itself is understood as a program made of nodes which communicate and cooperate with one another. (Castells, 2004:3) This intertwined system allow an efficient organizational system thanks to three main characteristics: Flexibility,  the concept by which networks are able to reconfigure themselves as the changing environment demands and yet keep working towards the same goal; Scalability, the characteristic whereby networks do not present a fixed size or number of elements, their shape and extent are variable depending on the connectivity of members; and finally, survivability, which means that due to their decentralized structure, networks are more resistant to attacks and fragilities on the individual nodes (Castells, 2004:5-6). The Network Society is, therefore, the denomination given to the social morphology of the Information Age. (Castells, 2000)

The emergence of the internet and its widespread adherence caused important structural changes in the world we live in, even in its most intrinsic systematic features. Castells (2004: 36) highlights two specific features of the network society: “Space of Flows” and “Timeless Time”. These two new concepts do not replace the prior structures of space and time; instead, they all co-exist and are also a cultural expression of the network society. (Castell, 2004:38) This means that time and space as physical concepts still exist; yet, the limitations humans once had, are becoming less evident. The technologies that characterize the network society annihilated geographical and economic boundaries. Throughout his work Castells (2004: 22) gives example of the financial markets system: financial trading happens at a constant pace worldwide, at any given time. Different locations and time zones are not so much of a hindrance since the trading system is global and networked. As a definition, “the space of flows refers to the technological an organizational possibility of practicing simultaneity (or chosen time in time-sharing) without contiguity.” (Castells, 2004:36) The second physical and biological boundary adapted to the needs of the network society is time. A priori, time is understood as a sequence of events. The ‘sequence’ factor has been, however, nullified. “This is done, on the one hand, by compressing time (as in split-second global financial transactions or the effort to fight “instant wars”), and, on the other, by blurring the sequence of social practices, including past, present, and future, in a random order.” (Castells, 2004:37). In other words, the notion of tenses becomes irrelevant, since that practices happen ephemerally and simultaneously.

The network society theory introduced to us by Castells is undoubtedly relevant for social sciences and media studies. However, it is important to note that Castell’s argument is neither a universal truth nor does it represent the whole picture regarding the different economic and political realities existing together in the world. The binary “inclusive/ exclusive” nature of a networked arrangement is an important limitation of his theory and it was recognized by Castells himself (2004:4). This logic states that any given part of the network can only communicate and share information with another member of this structure, meaning that, if there is any subject disconnected from this arrangement, the latter is automatically excluded from its universe. A social binary perspective, therefore, implies that there are two very different and contrasting realities within the same planet: those lived by people who are part of the network – and are, therefore, informed and influent; and those who live disconnected to the network – hence, who are powerless and weak. The binary structure results in digital divide, a concept studied by Mark Warschauer (2004:6) and defined by him as a barrier “marked not only by physical access to computers and connectivity, but also by access to the additional resources that allow people to use technology as well.” This means that people and societies who were not yet fortunate enough to enjoy the benefits of technology, are secluded from the reality of those who are adept to it.

Further criticisms to Castell’s network society can be found in essays from other scholars who also sought to understand the influence of information technology on contemporary life. One main critique is that Castells’ theory contains too much technological determinism – in basic sociological terms, the belief that technology shapes social and cultural structures. Technological determinism was defined by Frank Webster (2006:10-11) as the belief that “technology is regarded as the prime social dynamic”, meaning that technologies must firstly be invented and then after, they will impact in society, which impels the humans and society are responding to the new. This perspective would therefore place the internet – and the network society by consequence – alongside other society-disrupting inventions: the steam engine, the automobile, nuclear technology, etc. (Dickson, 1974 – cited in Webster, 2006:11) Webster (2006:11), in contrary, believes that technology is an intrinsic part of society, and not an external factor which affects it by being introduced in its environment. Human intelligence and expertise, along with priorities in research and development, created the technologies that so define society nowadays. In light of this argument, Webster (2006:23) replies to Castells saying that “the chief difficulty, however, is with the argument that informational developments signal the emergence of a new type of social system, an information society.” This statement means that Webster believes that a network or information society is not actually a new phenomenon, but a continuity of the “corporate capitalist society”, the social structure mankind had been living in until technology took a major role and shifted modes of production (Webster, 2006).

Another respected scholar in this area is Nicholas Garnham. Garnham (2010), like Webster, presents a different perspective than Castells’ on contemporary society and its relationship with technology. Garnham’s studies very much follow the ideas presented by Daniel Bell’s in his “The coming of Post-industrial society”, book from the early 1970s through which he attempted to explain the first social changes caused by technology. Bell (1973 – cited in Webster, 2006:32-59) argued that society was, at that time, being introduced to a new system which its main feature was “a heightened presence and significance of information”, but the most important aspect is that this growth in information will be used to enhance productivity. (Bell, 1973 – cited in Garnham, 2010:141). Garham (2010) affirms that the idea that we live in a society whose core activity is information and technology is overrated, yet, he recognizes that the two influence plenty economic practices within society. “It is the exploitation of the globe’s material resources, in particular fossil fuels, that remains at the core of the economic growth however much knowledge is applied to that process.” (Garnham, 2010:144) Garnham reinforces his point by presenting relevant statistics on productivity: He states that 64% of total employment still remains in the traditional production and distribution of goods (Garnham, 2010:142); and the growth of e-commerce as an example of information technology being applied to refine classical business practices. (Garnham, 2010:143)

Despite the discrepancies in the academic field regarding the importance of the role of technology and information mentioned above, it seems undeniable that both have been causing an immense direct impact on the way society is organized – as we can see in our own dependence on information technology in everyday life. An example that fits perfectly within Castells’ theory and his critics could recently be noted in the international version of renowned The New York Times. Reporter Farhad Manjoo wrote on Friday December 21st, 2016 about the widespread use of ‘WhatsApp’ among refugees and migrants. ‘WhatsApp’ is an instant messaging smartphone app that can be used for free provided one has access to the internet. Manjoo (2016) described the difficult journey migrants face in order to reach safer lands such as Europe and North America.  Despite different nationalities and economic backgrounds, they all share the common language of ‘WhatsApp.’ Those taking this path leave their families and belongings behind and the only thing they take with them are their phones, which allow them to locate and communicate with each other. Migration is an old experience that has been re-shaped in the network society. Manjoo (2017:2) highlighted this shift in reality as: “surprising and subtle ways in which technology, especially smartphones and social media, has altered the immigrant experience.” The exact features that turned ‘WhatsApp’ into a survival tool are the core factors that caused the emergence of the network society: widespread adoption of technologies like smartphones and wider population inclusion due to reduced costs provided access to the internet.

The production of this essay showed how complex it is to find ways to define – and understand – the fast pacing changes caused by information and technology in society. Castells (2004) argued these changes created a network society, constituted by nodes which are linked to themselves and originated a new social morphology. Other scholars, like Webster (2006) and Garnham (2010) also attempted to theorise and explain the society of today, however, unlike Castells they did not put such a big emphasis on technology itself, but on its potential to improve already established social and economic practices. Nonetheless, Castells’ work paved the way for many others to study the effects of technology on social organization, too, and this alone is extremely valuable. Even though scholars have different approaches to the same reality, all of them do recognise the influence of technology and information. As Webster (2006:263) beautifully put “this consensus among thinkers that information is of pivotal importance in contemporary affairs:  it is acknowledged that not only is there a very great deal more information about than ever before, but also that it plays a central and strategic role in pretty well everything we do, from business transactions, to leisure pursuits, to government activities.” Considering how innovative tech companies are and the surprises that they constantly bring us, the network society we live in will be reshaping itself continually – thus, more theories and ideas are yet come. We might be far from reaching a conclusive argument in this matter – if we ever will. Nevertheless, the discussion is immeasurably important and fruitful, necessary for us to understand the fragilities that penetrate our reality. Fragilities that, once fixed, can enable us to make a better use of technology and work towards a less divided world.

Pamela Schweder Machado

BA Journalism (Hons.)

Theories of Media and Communications

131 comments
  1. Eric
    Reply

    Hi there

    I am currently reading your piece on the network society. I just realised that you don’t provide references to the in-text citations. Could you update the page and include a reference list?

    I am working on an assignment on the network society and that information would be most helpful.

    Many thanks in advance.

  2. Xenia Solomons
    Reply

    Hi There! We are looking for some people that are interested in from working their home on a full-time basis. If you want to earn $500 a day, and you don’t mind creating some short opinions up, this might be perfect opportunity for you! Simply click the link here NOW!

  3. Danial
    Reply

    BOYCOTT AMERICAN WOMEN! http://www.BoycottBitches.com I am an American man, and I have decided to boycott American women. In a nutshell, American women are the most likely to cheat on you, to divorce you, to get fat, to steal half of your money in the divorce courts, don’t know how to cook or clean, don’t want to have children, etc. Therefore, what intelligent man would want to get involved with American women? American women are generally immature, selfish, extremely arrogant and self-centered, mentally unstable, irresponsible, and highly unchaste. The behavior of most American women is utterly disgusting, to say the least. This blog is my attempt to explain why I feel American women are inferior to foreign women (non-American women), and why American men should boycott American women, and date/marry only foreign (non-American) women.

  7. Santos Moons
    Reply

    Hi There! We are searching for experienced people that are interested in from working their home on a part-time basis. If you want to earn $200 a day, and you don’t mind developing some short opinions up, this is the perfect opportunity for you! Simply check out the link here NOW!

  10. Hyman Blanc
    Reply

    Hi There! We are looking for some people that might be interested in from working their home on a full-time basis. If you want to earn $500 a day, and you don’t mind creating some short opinions up, this is the perfect opportunity for you! Simply click the link here NOW!

  12. corburterilio
    Reply

    Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for! “The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts about reality.” by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

  15. Bernie
    Reply

    I found your weblog website on google and check some of your early posts. Continue to preserve up the incredibly very good operate. I just extra up your RSS feed to my MSN News Reader. Looking for forward to reading much more from you later on!

  16. find more
    Reply

    I simply want to mention I am just newbie to blogging and site-building and actually loved you’re web-site. Most likely I’m planning to bookmark your website . You actually come with incredible well written articles. Thanks for sharing with us your webpage.

  17. Del Zelazo
    Reply

    Wiz Khalifa and Nicki Minaj In 2012, She released her 1st single, Fame”.|We watched intensely in the mirror to see regardless of whether we could imitate Diamond’s impressive twerking technique, then looked at every

  18. kumahasiaweh
    Reply

    Hello there, I found your blog by the use of Google whilst looking for a related subject, your website got here up, it appears great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.

  19. Angel Alvear
    Reply

    Travis Porter and Sage The Gemini can be heard on the TWERK station at Pandora.|Following releasing first booty shaking music video few months back Siise is back with one more 2mins+ twerk music video.|Whether or not or not it’s component of a globally-recognized fitness

  24. dentysta gorzów
    Reply

    Please let me know if you’re looking for a article author for your site. You have some really great articles and I believe I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d really like to write some material for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please blast me an e-mail if interested. Regards!

  29. other
    Reply

    It’s the right occasion to construct some options for the long-term. I’ve study this write-up and if I may possibly, I wish to encourage you couple significant recommendation.

  31. Flower Delivery Ireland
    Reply

    Howdy! This article could not be written any better! Looking through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a very good read. Many thanks for sharing!

  34. Auto Care and Service
    Reply

    I definitely wanted to construct a simple message so as to say thanks to you for these superb steps you are giving at this site. My particularly long internet search has finally been paid with incredibly good strategies to go over with my family members. I ‘d believe that most of us visitors actually are undeniably endowed to be in a superb site with many brilliant individuals with very helpful secrets. I feel rather blessed to have come across your entire webpages and look forward to plenty of more entertaining moments reading here. Thank you again for everything.

  35. Auto Care and Service
    Reply

    I have been browsing online more than three hours today, yet I by no means found any attention-grabbing article like yours. It’s pretty price sufficient for me. In my opinion, if all website owners and bloggers made just right content material as you probably did, the internet might be a lot more useful than ever before. “Now I see the secret of the making of the best persons.” by Walt Whitman.

  36. Auto Care and Service
    Reply

    Good – I should certainly pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs and related info ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it in the least. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, website theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Nice task.

  38. Home Product and Service
    Reply

    I wanted to draft you that very small note to finally say thank you as before considering the beautiful information you have shared on this site. This has been so wonderfully generous with people like you to grant openly exactly what numerous people would have sold for an e-book in order to make some dough for their own end, most notably considering the fact that you might well have tried it if you wanted. Those guidelines likewise worked to become great way to comprehend other people have a similar desire just like mine to see lots more with respect to this issue. I am certain there are millions of more enjoyable instances up front for those who go through your blog post.

  40. Auto Care and Service
    Reply

    I and also my pals have been digesting the great solutions on the blog and all of the sudden came up with a terrible suspicion I had not expressed respect to the site owner for those techniques. My boys came glad to study them and now have surely been taking pleasure in those things. We appreciate you getting very helpful and for figuring out variety of very good subject areas most people are really desirous to be aware of. My personal sincere regret for not expressing appreciation to you sooner.

  43. Automotive
    Reply

    I’m still learning from you, but I’m trying to achieve my goals. I absolutely love reading all that is written on your website.Keep the posts coming. I enjoyed it!

  45. check these guys out
    Reply

    MichaelJemery.com is a site with many hypnosis downloads. Whether you are looking for free hypnosis downloads, self hypnosis download for mp3, video and any audio files, Michael Jemery has the downloads for you. You can download hypnosis from apps, audio, mp3 and even youtube !

  47. Travel and Leisure
    Reply

    Unquestionably believe that which you said. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the internet the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I certainly get irked while people consider worries that they plainly don’t know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people can take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks

  49. Travel and Leisure
    Reply

    Thank you for some other informative blog. Where else could I get that kind of info written in such a perfect way? I’ve a mission that I’m just now running on, and I have been at the look out for such info.

  51. Travel and Leisure
    Reply

    I must show my appreciation to the writer just for bailing me out of this difficulty. Right after exploring throughout the search engines and getting ways which are not productive, I believed my life was well over. Living without the presence of answers to the problems you have sorted out as a result of your main guide is a serious case, and the ones that could have in a negative way affected my entire career if I had not encountered your site. Your good expertise and kindness in handling everything was tremendous. I don’t know what I would’ve done if I had not discovered such a thing like this. I can now look forward to my future. Thanks very much for your high quality and result oriented guide. I will not be reluctant to recommend your web page to anyone who needs to have support on this situation.

  55. Home Product and Service
    Reply

    Its like you read my mind! You appear to know so much about this, like you wrote the book in it or something. I think that you can do with some pics to drive the message home a little bit, but other than that, this is magnificent blog. A great read. I will definitely be back.

  56. Wealthy affiliate review
    Reply

    Simply desire to say your article is as amazing. The clarity in your post
    is simply nice and i can assume you’re an expert on this subject.
    Fine with your permission let me to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post.
    Thanks a million and please continue the enjoyable work.

  57. ニコ生 録画
    Reply

    ニコ生の録画でしたらお問合せください。
    費用は3,000円～で送料は０円で賜ります。
    急な注文にも対応しており、無休で迅速かつ丁寧な対応でお待ちしております。
    是非ともお気軽にご利用ください。
    もちろんブルーレイにも対応です！
    詳しくは次のURLをクリックしてください。

  60. mfgtechonline
    Reply

    An outstanding share! I have just forwarded this onto
    a co-worker who was conducting a little homework on this.
    And he actually bought me breakfast simply because I stumbled upon it for him…
    lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thanks for the meal!!

    But yeah, thanx for spending some time to discuss
    this issue here on your web page.

  61. afcauto
    Reply

    Hi! I could have sworn I’ve been to this site before but after browsing
    through some of the post I realized it’s new to me.

    Anyways, I’m definitely happy I found it and I’ll
    be bookmarking and checking back frequently!

  62. pointerlock
    Reply

    whoah this weblog is wonderful i love studying your posts.
    Stay up the great work! You already know, a lot of persons are looking round for this info, you could help them greatly.

  63. syntacticx
    Reply

    Heya! I just wanted to ask if you ever have any problems with hackers?

    My last blog (wordpress) was hacked and I ended up losing months
    of hard work due to no data backup. Do you have any solutions
    to prevent hackers?

  65. Janitorial Services
    Reply

    Do you mind if I quote a few of your articles as long as I provide credit and sources
    back to your website? My blog site is in the very same area of interest as yours and my visitors would truly benefit from some of the information you present here.
    Please let me know if this ok with you. Regards!

  68. --------------------------- Error --------------------------- Internal Error #9091. Please contact info@gsa-online.de --------------------------- OK --------------------------- ---------------------------
    Reply

    I was curious if you ever thought of changing the layout of your blog?
    Its very well written; I love what youve got
    to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better.
    Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two images.
    Maybe you could space it out better?

  69. konopljina smola doziranje
    Reply

    Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot about this, like you wrote the book in it or something.
    I think that you could do with some pics to drive the
    message home a little bit, but instead of that, this is
    great blog. An excellent read. I’ll definitely be back.

  70. education news updates
    Reply

    Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you, However I am experiencing difficulties
    with your RSS. I don’t know the reason why I am unable to
    subscribe to it. Is there anybody else getting similar RSS issues?
    Anyone that knows the answer will you kindly respond?
    Thanks!!

  73. 2018 Car Release Date
    Reply

    It’s appropriate time to make some plans for the longer term and it is time to be happy. I have read this publish and if I could I want to suggest you few attention-grabbing issues or suggestions. Maybe you can write next articles regarding this article. I desire to learn even more issues about it!

  75. nissan leaf 2018
    Reply

    Hi, I do believe this is an excellent blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will return yet again since i have book-marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide others.

  76. sewa mobil elf surabaya harga
    Reply

    My coder is trying to convince me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the costs. But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type on numerous websites for about a year and am anxious about switching to another platform. I have heard very good things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can import all my wordpress posts into it? Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated!

  78. Pozycjonowanie
    Reply

    Thank you for the sensible critique. Me and my neighbor were just preparing to do some research on this. We got a grab a book from our local library but I think I learned more from this post. I’m very glad to see such wonderful information being shared freely out there.

  80. sua cua cuon
    Reply

    Today, I went to the beach with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.”
    She placed the shell to her ear and screamed. There was a hermit
    crab inside and it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back!

    LoL I know this is entirely off topic but I had to
    tell someone!

  84. home improvement news updates
    Reply

    Hiya! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how
    to make your site mobile friendly? My web site looks weird when viewing from
    my apple iphone. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to resolve this problem.

    If you have any recommendations, please share. With thanks!

  85. Skin Lightening Forum
    Reply

    An impressive share! I have just forwarded this onto a co-worker who
    was doing a little research on this. And he in fact bought
    me lunch because I found it for him… lol. So let me reword
    this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending the time to talk about
    this topic here on your web site.

  89. Business
    Reply

    hi!,I love your writing very much! share we keep in touch more approximately your post on AOL? I require a specialist in this space to solve my problem. May be that’s you! Taking a look forward to look you.

  90. Women
    Reply

    Someone essentially assist to make significantly articles I’d state. This is the first time I frequented your web page and so far? I surprised with the research you made to make this particular publish incredible. Great process!

  91. Career And Jobs
    Reply

    I do agree with all the ideas you have presented for your post. They’re really convincing and can certainly work. Nonetheless, the posts are too brief for starters. May you please lengthen them a little from subsequent time? Thank you for the post.

  94. Technology
    Reply

    I as well as my buddies came digesting the good procedures located on your site while unexpectedly developed a terrible feeling I had not expressed respect to the web site owner for them. All of the guys are already for this reason stimulated to study them and already have extremely been using them. Thank you for actually being quite considerate as well as for pick out these kinds of quality themes most people are really eager to understand about. Our own sincere regret for not saying thanks to you sooner.

  96. Dobry Psycholog Dzieciecy Gorzow Wlkp
    Reply

    Great – I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related info ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, site theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Nice task.

  98. Zgrzewanie Pe
    Reply

    What i don’t understood is actually how you are not actually a lot more neatly-liked than you may be now. You’re so intelligent. You recognize therefore considerably in terms of this matter, produced me in my opinion imagine it from a lot of various angles. Its like women and men don’t seem to be fascinated until it’s one thing to do with Woman gaga! Your own stuffs great. All the time care for it up!

  99. Jewelry
    Reply

    My brother recommended I might like this blog. He was totally right. This post truly made my day. You cann’t imagine just how much time I had spent for this info! Thanks!

  102. call girls in hyderabad
    Reply

    Appreciating the time and effort you put into your website and in depth information you provide.
    It’s awesome to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same unwanted rehashed information. Fantastic read!
    I’ve saved your site and I’m including your RSS feeds to my Google account.

  103. Travel
    Reply

    I’ve been surfing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It’s pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be a lot more useful than ever before.

  107. Staceysvglj
    Reply

    I simply want to mention I’m beginner to blogging and really liked this website. Very likely I’m likely to bookmark your site . You surely come with tremendous well written articles. Cheers for sharing your blog site.

  112. Ruby Pruitt
    Reply

    Thanks for your useful post. Over time, I have been able to understand that the symptoms of mesothelioma cancer are caused by your build up of fluid involving the lining of the lung and the chest cavity. The sickness may start from the chest vicinity and propagate to other areas of the body. Other symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include fat loss, severe respiration trouble, a fever, difficulty ingesting, and infection of the face and neck areas. It must be noted that some people having the disease never experience just about any serious indicators at all.

  120. hgame82
    Reply

    If real reporters don’t take the bait, the internet allows for the creation of fake reporters. In 2016, the GRU — Russian military intelligence — used a fake persona named “Alice Donovan,” Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation found. The same persona is believed to have posted
    https://www.hgame82.com

  125. growth capital
    Reply

    In this article you will get to know about the topic in detail. Anyone searching for same topic may find their shelter here. I am sure many people will come to read this in future. Great blog indeed , will visit again future to read more !!

Leave a Reply to Tierra Koenig Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *